1. Sensory memory is the first level of memory. Sensory memory retains the brief impression of a sensory stimulus after the stimulus itself has ended. The sensory memory holds a short impression of sensory information even when the sensory system does not send any information anymore.
2. You lose concentration in class during a lecture. Suddenly you hear a significant word and return your focus to the lecture. You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register.
3. Sensory memory corresponds approximately to the initial 200–500 milliseconds after an item is perceived. The capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds).
4. A system for temporarily storing and managing information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension. Short-term memory is involved in the selection, initiation, and termination of information-processing functions such as encoding, storing, and retrieving data.
5. The “magic number” is a highly cited paper in psychology published by George A. Miller, it argues that the number of objects an average human can hold in working memory is 7 +/- 2.
6. To explain chunking I’m going to use an example. Fourteen letters is difficult for most people to store in their short-term memory. But you can use a technique called chunking to increase the capacity of STM. Instead of trying to remember 14 letters you must first chunk the letters into larger units that can help you remind them quicker as 6 chunks instead of 14 letters.
7. Between two and three
8. Acoustic
9. Long term memory’s capacity is unlimited because it never fills up and it is permanent. It has infinite capacity.
10. In 1968 Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a model of human memory which demonstrated two distinct memory stores: short-term memory, and long-term memory. Later a third memory store was added: sensory memory. This model categorizes memory.
11.
a. The sensory stores are sensory systems, not memory systems as most people think of the term "memory."
b. The three-box model suggests that there is nothing in between short-term and long-term memory. However, evidence shows that information can reside somewhere between the extremes of active attention and long-term storage. Memories can be "warmed up" but outside of attention. In other words, intermediate levels of activation are possible.
c. The three-box model implies that there is just one short-term system and just one long-term system. In reality, there are many memory systems operating in parallel (for example, different systems for vision, language, and odor memory). Each has short-term and long-term operations.
d. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model does not give enough emphasis to unconscious processes. Unconscious activation is shown with a tentative, dotted arrow. Modern researchers find that unconscious and implicit forms of memory are more common than consciously directed memory processes.
12. It is an influential theory of memory proposed by Craik and Lockhart which rejected the idea of the dual store model of memory. This popular model said that characteristics of a memory are determined by its location. Instead, Craik and Lockhart proposed that information could be processed in a number of different ways and the durability or strength of the memory trace was a direct function of the depth of processing involved. There model contains shallow processing which leads to a fragile memory trace that is susceptible to rapid forgetting. And deep processing results in a more durable memory trace.
13. Maintenance Rehearsal is the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information. Your short term memory is able to hold information about about 20 seconds. However, this time can be increased to about 30 seconds by using Maintenance Rehearsal.
a. For example - late at night, you have been out partying all night, you get back home and you are hungry. you decide that it's time for pizza. So you pick up the phone and call information to get the number of a local pizza delivery place. When the operator gives the number, you say the number over and over so that you don't forget it in the time it takes to hang up and dial the number. This process of repeating the number over and over is maintenance rehearsal. It won't help get the information into long term memory, but it will help keep it in short term memory a little longer.
14. Elaborative rehearsal is a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over.
a. For example, you need to remember the term "neuron." In order to permanently commit the term to your memory, you look up what it means (it is a nerve cell), find out its purpose (transmit information from or to the central nervous system), look at a diagram and study its parts, and think about how it relates to things that you already know (like how different it is from other kinds of cells, assuming you are familiar with other cells). If you do this several times (rehearsal), then you will be more likely to remember the term.
15. Craik and Lockhart
http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Maintenance%20Rehearsal#ixzz12vjX5Qk6
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